Introduction to Two-Dimensional Design (11 pages)
I. Theory of Human Perception
A. Perception and Gestalt Theory
-the whole is understood to be different from the sum of its parts
B. The Four Aspects of Gestalt
(a) Closure – when its separate elements are placed so that you perceive the design as a whole rather than different sections
(b) Continuance – your eye is led to follow the dominant form across the secondary form
(c) Proximity – distance between the parts comprising a form
(d) Similarity – similarity among parts in a form helps hold the form together
II. Defining Basic Visual Interactions
A. Interactions of Form
(a) Position – placement of an element relative to other elements and/or frame
(b) Direction – a course of movement
- horizontal, vertical, and diagonal lines of any angle mover our eye in a given direction
(c) Space – areas between and around elements are active participants in a composition
III. Elements of Compositional Interaction
A. Depth and Perspective
Depth – can create contrast and help a form communicate its purpose and meaning
Perspective – created through the use of lines to depict three-dimensional art form on a flat two-dimensional surface
B. Visual Weight and Balance
(a) Symmetry – a form that can be divided diagonally, vertically, or horizontally and the resulting sides are the same
(b) Asummetry – a form is divided and the sides are not the same size and shape
Introduction to Two-Dimensional Design (21 pages)
I. Types of Form
A. Geometric and Organic Form
-Geometric – regular angles or patterns
- made up of circles, triangles, squares, etc.
-Organic – fluid in appearance
II. Defining Basic Visual Elements
A. Elements of Form
- Dot – visual expression of a point which is an indicator or location
- generally simple in shape
- Line – the connection of two or more dots
-can create emotional qualities
-lines can create shapes
- Plane – an area outlined by lines or defined by a grouping of images, type, symbols, or markings
-expression of height and width
- Volume – product of dots, lines and planes
- refers to the illusion of a three-dimensional form on a two- dimensional surface
III. Defining Basic Visual Characteristics
A. Characteristics of Form
-Size – understand size in relation to other objects or the environment in which the form is placed
- can also just measure the object
- Shape – the external outline of a form
- Texture – in 2-D texture is visual and not tactile
- visual texture is the sum of visual components that create a plane recognizable as a unified grouping
- Color – has value
IV. Defining Composition
A. Composing Visually
- arrangement of elements and characteristics in a defined area
- harmony is achieved when the elements make sense to go together
V. Philosophies of Visual Organization
A. Simplicity and Complexity
- simplicity – a form with a limited number of simple, elements, or a form that is organized in such a way that its message is unambiguous and easily understood
B. Order and Chaos
-Order – brings clarity and result in a better understanding of purpose
- Chaos – chaos can be organized
- order and chaos go together sometimes
VI. Ways of Finding Relationships
A. Proportions
- proportion – size relationship between parts of a form
B. Finding and using proportions
- Our human body was for a long time a measurement for proportions
VII. Ways of Directing Understanding
A. Attention and Hierarchy
- attract the eye with the use of a focal point
B. Contrast
-contrast – differences among elements and their degree of conflict or discord
- contrast is used to create focal points
- use opposing visual elements such as shape, direction, and color to achieve contrast
VIII. Creating and Organizing Multiple Forms
A. Rhythm
- Rhythm – the movement from one idea, compositional area, or element to another.
- Also involves repetition and can lead to the formation of patterns
IX. Ways of Creating Continuity
A. Structure
- structure- internal parts of a form that support and define its appearance and contribute to conveying its message
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